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- BUSINESS, Page 65America AbroadGo East, Young Man?
-
-
- By Robert Ball
-
-
- We have just seen the most celebrated toppling of a wall
- since Joshua took Jericho. More than any other event, it
- symbolizes the rebirth of freedom in Eastern Europe. The amazing
- political changes in what used to be called the Soviet bloc
- raise questions about changes yet to come. Hasn't an economic
- barrier also fallen? Don't new opportunities beckon? Shouldn't
- Western business pioneers be packing their suitcases?
-
- The magic words "Marshall Plan" are already being heard. It
- worked once, didn't it, on a continent ravaged by war? Since
- Eastern Europe's factories and distribution systems are all
- intact, if bedraggled, shouldn't a little pump priming bring
- forth a gusher of goods?
-
- Here caution is indicated. Western Europe lay in ruins in
- 1945, but attitudes and skills had survived. The invisible
- destruction in Eastern Europe is worse than the visible
- devastation wrought by war. Managerial talents have been
- blighted by a half-century under an economic system that
- practiced pick-a-number pricing, taught enterprises to hoard
- inventory and rewarded them for producing a million left shoes.
- As Mikhail Gorbachev is discovering, it is much easier to learn
- to use political freedoms than to revive a moribund command
- economy. Casting secret ballots, speaking up in public, banding
- together to advance common interests: all these come fairly
- naturally. Instilling entrepreneurial spirit and managerial
- efficiency on any level higher than selling lemonade at
- curbside is a lot harder. Eastern Europe is littered with the
- wreckage of previous attempts at economic reform.
-
- Granted, perestroika is crucially different in that it goes
- hand in hand with profound political change. Maybe the plane's
- engines can really be repaired in mid-flight, as the
- unreassuring metaphor has it. But it will be an arduous process,
- requiring much more than injections of cash.
-
- One of Eastern Europe's main problems is concealed
- inflation: too much money chasing too few goods. West Germany's
- remarkable postwar recovery was based on a brutal currency
- reform that in 1948, under Allied military government, destroyed
- all savings and, by restoring the scarcity value of money, ended
- the barter economy. Eastern Europe suffers from another economic
- distortion: the incestuous trade patterns that are a legacy of
- the Stalinist years. Trade under Comecon, the Council for Mutual
- Economic Assistance, was based on a curious reverse
- mercantilism: the imperial country (the Soviet Union) supplied
- energy and raw materials that the colonies (the satellites) paid
- for in manufactured goods. Since the Soviet Union was
- chronically short of almost everything, it was an undemanding
- market, providing no incentive for East Europeans to develop
- products for sophisticated customers. These bad habits will not
- be shed overnight.
-
- All this means that it is much more of a challenge to
- Western entrepreneurs to be there on the ground as participants
- in perestroika than to stand outside and sell things to the
- East. What advice should be given to the intrepid? Efforts must
- play to Eastern Europe's limited strengths. There is nothing
- necessarily wrong with the region's engineering and craft
- skills; it's the managerial savvy that is lacking. Joint
- ventures sound attractive, but their history provides many
- caveats. Licensing agreements may be the best bet, if they don't
- require the import of components that have to be paid for in
- scarce hard currency. In any case, those aspiring to become the
- Armand Hammers of this generation may recall that after five
- years, in 1930, Hammer sold his pencil factory in Moscow and got
- out.
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